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Ancient RomeHODIE · ROMA

a.d. XV Kal. Sept.

August 18 in Ancient Rome

The Sabine women are seized at the Consualia

Why Roman brides were carried over the threshold

politicsRegal period [tradition]

Pre-reform Roman calendar

Plutarch dates the seizure of the Sabine women by Romulus’ men to the eighteenth of Sextilis, the day of the Consualia games, and links Roman wedding customs to it.

Consualia dicta a Conso, quod tum feriae publicae ei deo et in Circo ad aram eius ab sacerdotibus ludi illi, quibus virgines Sabinae raptae.

The Consualia are named from Consus, because then there is a public holiday for that god, and at his altar in the Circus the priests hold those games at which the Sabine maidens were carried off.

— Varro, De lingua Latina 6.20

Background

In Roman legend, Romulus' new city was full of men but short of women, and the neighbouring peoples refused to let their daughters marry them. Romulus announced games in honour of the god Consus, whose altar was in the valley of the Circus, and invited the Sabines and other neighbours to watch.

At a signal, the Roman men seized the young women among the spectators tradition. Plutarch says the cry they raised was "Talasius", and that this was why the word was still shouted at Roman weddings, though others explained it from talasia, spinning per Plutarch. He links other wedding customs to the story too: the bride did not step over her husband's threshold herself but was lifted over it, in memory of the Sabine women being carried in by force, and her hair was parted with the point of a spear.

Plutarch dates the seizure to the eighteenth of Sextilis, the day of the Consualia. Varro confirms that the Consualia were public games at Consus' altar in the Circus "at which the Sabine maidens were carried off" per Varro. For Romans, the founding story of marriage in their city began with violence, and was then said to end with reconciliation between the two peoples.

Before Caesar's reform (45 BC) the calendar had drifted from the seasons, so the real seasonal date was different; we don't give a modern equivalent. Why?

Ancient source: Plutarch, Romulus 14–15; Varro, LL 6.20 · Reference

Sources

Rome today (1991–2020 avg): 31°/20°C (88°/68°F) · rain 13% of days

Rome in AugustThe hottest weeks raised the risk of fire in the dense city, especially in…

Fields & crops

Columella marks autumn beginning around 12 August; straw and stubble were gathered, figs and early fruit picked, and vineyards readied for the vintage per Columella 11.2.

Courts & law

A quieter legal month; many elite Romans were in the countryside. Under the empire, the imperial household's slaves and freedmen kept administration running.

Senate & politics

Renamed from Sextilis in 8 BC for Augustus, who had won his greatest successes in this month, including the capture of Alexandria in 30 BC per Macrobius 1.12.35.

Military

Armies stayed in the field; disease in hot camps was often as dangerous as battle modern view based on ancient accounts.

Festivals & religion

Portunalia (17 Aug.), Vinalia Rustica (19 Aug.), Consualia (21 Aug.), Vulcanalia (23 Aug.), when small fish were offered to Vulcan to ward off fire, and Opiconsivia (25 Aug.) per Varro and Festus. On the Ides, Diana's day, enslaved people had a holiday per Festus and Plutarch.

Daily life

The hottest weeks raised the risk of fire in the dense city, especially in timber-framed insulae; Augustus set up the vigiles, a fire brigade of freedmen, in AD 6 per Suetonius and Dio. Fevers peaked in late summer and early autumn; the sick poor relied on home remedies and shrines more than on doctors modern view.

Sources: Macrobius, Saturnalia 1.12 · Columella 11.2

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LATIN LINE OF THE DAY

Sed Martialem malo, Flacce, quam Baias.

“But I prefer Martial, Flaccus, to Baiae.”

Martial, Epigrams 11.80.5 · translation ours (literal)