a.d. XI Kal. Apr.
March 22 in Ancient Rome
Arbor intrat: the sacred pine enters
A pine tree for a dying god
festivalListed AD 354
Roman calendar date
The Calendar of 354 marks 22 March as "the tree enters", when a pine, symbol of Attis, was carried into the sanctuary of the Great Mother.
Background
The Great Mother, Cybele, was brought to Rome from Asia Minor in 204 BC during the war with Hannibal, and given a temple on the Palatine. With her came the story of Attis, her young Phrygian consort, and a priesthood of eunuch priests called Galli. By late antiquity her spring festival had grown into a sequence of days in late March, and the Calendar of 354 records each step.
The first entry, on 22 March, is ARBOR INTRAT: "the tree enters". It refers to the myth Ovid tells in the Fasti. Attis promised the goddess to remain chaste, then broke his vow with a nymph, Sagaritis. Cybele destroyed the nymph by wounding the tree that held her life, and Attis, driven mad, castrated himself with a sharp stone myth, per Ovid. In the rite, a pine tree representing Attis was cut, wrapped and carried into the goddess's sanctuary by a guild of "tree-bearers", the dendrophori details from later writers and inscriptions.
The procession opened several days of mourning and celebration. For the many Romans, slave and free, who belonged to these guilds and cults, it was a public event in the heart of the city.
Ancient source: Calendar of 354 (XI Kal. Apr.: ARBOR INTRAT); Ovid, Fasti 4.221–244 (Attis myth) · Reference
Sources
Read moreQuinquatrus: Minerva’s festival of crafts
Quinquatrus: Minerva’s festival of crafts
A holiday for everyone who works
festivalRepublic & Empire (annual)
Roman calendar date
The five-day Quinquatrus of Minerva began, a holiday for the goddess of crafts, wisdom and war, honoured by weavers, fullers, shoemakers, doctors and schoolchildren.
Background
The name Quinquatrus originally meant the fifth day after the Ides, but by Ovid's time Romans understood it as a five-day festival of Minerva, running from 19 to 23 March. Minerva was the goddess of wisdom and of skilled work, as well as of war, and her festival belonged to everyone who worked with hands or head.
Ovid sets out the program. The first day was bloodless and sword fights were forbidden, because it was Minerva's birthday. The other four were celebrated with gladiatorial shows, since "the warlike goddess delights in naked swords". He then calls on the people whose livelihoods depended on her: boys and girls should pray to Pallas, because whoever pleases her becomes learned; girls should learn from her to card wool and work the loom; fullers, who cleaned stained clothes, and dyers who heated bronze cauldrons should worship her; even the best shoemaker would fail if she frowned, and doctors should bring her gifts per Ovid.
The list is a snapshot of a working city: textile production, laundries and workshops were everywhere in Rome. The festival was still in the official calendar in AD 354, which lists QVINQVATRIA on this day.
Ancient source: Ovid, Fasti 3.809–848; Calendar of 354 (XIV Kal. Apr.: QVINQVATRIA) · Reference
Sources
☁ Rome today (1991–2020 avg): 16°/6°C (61°/43°F) · rain 27% of days
Rome in MarchMarch, once the first month of the year, reopened the seasons of war and…
Fields & crops
Columella calls March the best time for pruning vines and the first digging of vineyards; spring crops like millet were readied per Columella 11.2.
Courts & law
Legal and public business resumed in full after winter. At the Liberalia (17 Mar.) many boys put on the plain toga of manhood and were enrolled as adult citizens, with a family procession to the Forum per Ovid, Fasti 3.771–88.
Senate & politics
From c. 222 to 153 BC the consuls entered office on the Ides of March; Livy records it for 217 BC, and the starting year is a modern reconstruction per Livy 22.1.4. From 153 BC they took office on the Kalends of January per Livy, Per. 47. Caesar was killed at a Senate meeting on the Ides of March 44 BC per Suetonius, Velleius.
Military
The month of Mars opened the campaign season. The Salii carried the sacred shields, and the Tubilustrium (23 Mar.) purified the war trumpets per Varro and Ovid.
Festivals & religion
Matronalia (1 Mar.), Liberalia (17 Mar.), when boys often took the man's toga, and the Quinquatrus of Minerva (19–23 Mar.), a holiday for craftsmen, teachers and doctors per Ovid, Fasti 3.
Daily life
March, once the first month of the year, reopened the seasons of war and sailing. The Salii, Mars' leaping priests, danced through the city. On the Kalends (Matronalia), married women received gifts and in turn served a meal to the household's enslaved people per Macrobius 1.12.7; Ovid, Fasti 3. Columella treats March as prime time for pruning vines and digging per Columella 11.2.
For soldiers, the campaign season began; for traders, sea routes reopened and grain ships from Egypt and Africa could sail again, easing city food supplies.
Sources: Ovid, Fasti 3 · Varro, De Lingua Latina 6 · Macrobius, Saturnalia 1.12 · Livy 22.1.4 (Latin) · Livy, Periochae 47 (Latin) · Livy, Periochae 116 (Latin) · Suetonius, Divus Iulius 80–81 (Latin) · Velleius Paterculus 2.56 (Latin)
All days in March →
LATIN LINE OF THE DAY
Summum nec metuas diem nec optes.
“Neither fear your last day nor long for it.”
Martial, Epigrams 10.47 · translation ours (literal)
